In this section, we will simulate the 'P + P -> Z+X' process at 713 TeV centerre-of-mass energy and study the properties of the Z-boson with the help of the [[https://rivet.hepforge.org/analyses/MC_ZINC.html | MC_ZINC ]] Rivet analysisin NLO simulations with Herwig 7 using `Matchbox`.
There are different stages of event generation, each of which plays a crucial role in the correct simulation of Z-bosons at the LHC:
* Hard matrix element
* Parton Shower
* Initial and final state radiation
* Multiple parton interactions
* Hadronizaion
During this exercise, we will see the different contribusations to the Z shape observables, like the Z pT spectrum.
Download the following input file and move it to your work directory:
Input file:{F545117}
{F11310397}
Alternatively, you can use the following command-line code:
```
wget https://phab-files.hepforge.org/file/download/q5by5q5tocxpquklfi34r6x7crod6y5n2fvdy5z5/PHID-FILE-ekoleb6f3inpmsz6xmbls7mrlfobrjxckrr24zsr/LHC-Matchbox.in
```
The input file can be used for Z production and Z+Jets production. For now, all parts except for the hard matrix element are commented out. We will uncomment the necessary parts as we progress with the exercise.
RunLet us run the input file without any modifications, i.e. with LO accuracy without parton shower. To speed up the process, we use parallelisation for the integration stage:
```
DRH Herwig readbuild --maxjobs=8 LHC-Matchbox.in
```
This will form an `LHC-Matchbox.run` file that contains all the initial setup, with unintegrated MEs. The process will give you a command to run upon completion:
Herwig run LHC-Matchbox.run -N 10000
```
It is recommended to change the name of the newly created .yoda file to something meaningful after every new run s.t. you don't have to repeat runs in the end when we compare them with each other. for i in $(seq 0 4);do Herwig integrate --jobid=$i LHC-Matchbox.run & done
```
mv LHC-Matchbox.yoda LHC-noShower.yoda Since we are using a Docker container to run Herwig here, **we should modify this command** as
```
Now plot the results withfor i in $(seq 0 4);do DRH Herwig integrate --jobid=$i LHC-Matchbox.run & done
```
rivet-mkhtml LHC-noShower.yodaThis will take a moment to run. Afterwards, you can use the `run` command to follow through with your simulation:
```
Herwig run LHC-Matchbox.run -N 100000 -j 8
```
Have a look at the produced histograms and try to explain why there is no Z pT and why in the peak region Z pT is just a delta function.And then, You should also have a look at the .log file and understand the first few events.merge the results with
```
DRH yodamerge LHC-Matchbox-*.yoda -o LHC-noShower.yoda
```
Now plot the results from your [First run](https://phab.hepforge.org/w/herwigtutorial/firstrun/) and this new attempt together:
```
rivet-mkhtml LHC.yoda LHC-noShower.yoda
```
Have a look at the produced histograms and try to explain:
- Why is there no Z pT and why in the peak region Z pT is just a delta function?
- Why is there a difference between the results from the first run and the second run?
To have a more realistic simulation of the Z-boson, we uncomment some sections in the input file. Include the LO Parton shower, Include the LO Parton shower BUT without initial and final state radiations.
The relevant section in the input file should look like this:
```
##################################################
## ShowerHandler(s)
##################################################
# Initial and final state radiation
set /Herwig/Shower/ShowerHandler:DoFSR No
set /Herwig/Shower/ShowerHandler:DoISR No
cd /Herwig/EventHandlers
#set EventHandler:CascadeHandler NULL
set EventHandler:CascadeHandler:MPIHandler NULL # switches off multi -parton interactions
set EventHandler:DecayHandler NULL # switches off particle decays
set EventHandler:HadronizationHandler NULL # switches off hadronizsation
```
Now activate initial and final state radiation and repeat the run.
```
set /Herwig/Shower/ShowerHandler:DoFSR Yes
set /Herwig/Shower/ShowerHandler:DoISR Yes
```
Compare your results with the first run. Why do pT spectra change, but the reconstructed mass of the Z boson looks roughly the same?
For the next task, we use a parton shower matched to NLO. Look at the parton shower selection section from the input file
```
##################################################
## Matching and shower selection
##################################################
#read Matchbox/MCatNLO-DefaultShower.in
# read Matchbox/Powheg-DefaultShower.in
## use for strict LO/NLO comparisons
# read Matchbox/MCatLO-DefaultShower.in
## use for improved LO showering
read Matchbox/LO-DefaultShower.in
# read Matchbox/MCatNLO-DipoleShower.in
# read Matchbox/Powheg-DipoleShower.in
## use for strict LO/NLO comparisons
# read Matchbox/MCatLO-DipoleShower.in
## use for improved LO showering
# read Matchbox/LO-DipoleShower.in
# read Matchbox/NLO-NoShower.in
# read Matchbox/LO-NoShower.in
```
In the input file, we choose the "read Matchbox/LO-DefaultShower.in" option activating a LO angular ordered parton shower., activating a LO angular ordered parton shower. Now choose the "read Matchbox/MCatNLO-DefaultShower.in" option, to activate the MC@NLO matched shower and run the event again.
By now, you should have created several .yoda files. You can compare the corresponding calculations with
```
rivet-mkhtml *.yoda
```
For the final task in this section, activate multiple parton interactions, decays and hadronizsation options by uncommenting the relevant lines in the input file and compare the LO and the NLO matched shower simulations.
You have finished all the main parts of the Herwig tutorial.
You can choose to [[https://herwig.hepforge.org/tutorials/gettingstarted/matrixelements.html#some-scale-variations | dive deeper]] into parton shower variations, play around with different cuts and scales
or continue with [[https://phab.hepforge.org/w/mcnet2019/thirdrun/ | Third run: minimum bias events and soft physics]].
==A note on matrix elements==
As you can see, the process selection section has been completely deactivated. This is because for a process like `P + P -> Z + X`, Herwig needs to use the external matrix element (ME) providers. However, the use of these tools in the dDocker/VM would be problematic due to some linking issues. In an installed (and properly linked) version of Herwig, one can easily use these external ME providers by selecting the hard-process in the `Process selection` and choosing the ME providers from the `Matrix element library selection`.
```
##################################################
## Process selection
##################################################
## Model assumptions
# read Matchbox/StandardModelLike.in
# read Matchbox/DiagonalCKM.in
## Set the order of the couplings
# cd /Herwig/MatrixElements/Matchbox
# set Factory:OrderInAlphaS 1
# set Factory:OrderInAlphaEW 1
## Select the process
# do Factory:Process p p -> Z0 j
##################################################
## Matrix element library selection
##################################################
## Select a generic tree/loop combination or a
## specialized NLO package
# read Matchbox/MadGraph-GoSam.in
# read Matchbox/MadGraph-MadGraph.in
# read Matchbox/MadGraph-NJet.in
# read Matchbox/MadGraph-OpenLoops.in
```