AbsNtuple.hh
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	#ifndef NPSTAT_ABSNTUPLE_HH_
	#define NPSTAT_ABSNTUPLE_HH_

	/*!
	// \file AbsNtuple.hh
	//
	// \brief Interface definition for homogeneous ntuples (point clouds)
	//
	// Author: I. Volobouev
	//
	// November 2010
	*/

	#include <vector>
	#include <climits>
	#include <typeinfo>
	#include <iterator>
	#include <stdexcept>

	#include "geners/ClassId.hh"
	#include "geners/binaryIO.hh"
	#include "geners/allUnique.hh"

	#include "npstat/stat/Column.hh"

	#ifdef SWIG
	#include "npstat/stat/NtRectangularCut.hh"
	#endif

	namespace npstat {
	/**
	// Interface class for ntuples. Here, ntuples are homogeneous 2-d tables
	// in which the number of columns is fixed while the number of rows can
	// grow dynamically.
	*/
	template <typename T>
	class AbsNtuple
	{
	public:
	typedef T value_type;

	/**
	// The constructor arguments are a vector of column names
	// and an ntuple title c-string (which can be NULL)
	*/
	inline AbsNtuple(const std::vector<std::string>& columnNames,
	const char* ntTitle)
	: colNames_(columnNames), title_(ntTitle ? ntTitle : "")
	{
	if (columnNames.empty())
	throw std::invalid_argument("In npstat::AbsNtuple constructor:"
	" no column labels provided");
	if (!gs::allUnique(columnNames))
	throw std::invalid_argument("In npstat::AbsNtuple constructor:"
	" column labels are not unique");
	}

	virtual ~AbsNtuple() {}

	/** Retrieve the ntuple title */
	inline const std::string& title() const {return title_;}

	/** Set the ntuple title */
	inline void setTitle(const char* newtitle)
	{title_ = newtitle ? newtitle : "";}

	/** Retrieve the number of columns */
	inline unsigned long nColumns() const
	{return colNames_.size();}

	/** Retrieve the name for the given column */
	inline const std::string& columnName(const unsigned long i) const
	{return colNames_.at(i);}

	/** Retrieve all column names */
	inline const std::vector<std::string>& columnNames() const
	{return colNames_;}

	/**
	// The code will refuse to set the column name (and false will be
	// returned in this case) if the provided name duplicates an existing
	// column name. False will also be returned if the column index
	// is out of range.
	*/
	bool setColumnName(unsigned long i, const char* newname);

	/**
	// This method returns nColumns() in case the
	// given column name is not valid
	*/
	unsigned long columnNumber(const char* columnName) const;

	/**
	// This method works just like columnNumber but
	// generates a dynamic fault in case the given
	// column name is invalid
	*/
	unsigned long validColumn(const char* columnName) const;

	/** Retrieve the number of rows */
	virtual unsigned long nRows() const = 0;

	/** Retrieve the total number of ntuple elements */
	inline unsigned long length() const {return nRows()*colNames_.size();}

	/**
	// The number of values provided, "lenValues", should be
	// divisible by the number of columns. If it is not, the
	// function should throw "std::invalid_argument" exception.
	*/
	virtual void fill(const T* values, unsigned long lenValues) = 0;

	//@{
	/**
	// Convenience method which works if the number of arguments equals
	// the number if colums (otherwise an exception will be thrown)
	*/
	virtual void fill(const T& v0) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3)=0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3,
	const T& v4) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3,
	const T& v4, const T& v5) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3,
	const T& v4, const T& v5, const T& v6) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3,
	const T& v4, const T& v5, const T& v6, const T& v7)=0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3,
	const T& v4, const T& v5, const T& v6, const T& v7,
	const T& v8) = 0;
	virtual void fill(const T& v0, const T& v1, const T& v2, const T& v3,
	const T& v4, const T& v5, const T& v6, const T& v7,
	const T& v8, const T& v9) = 0;
	//@}

	/**
	// Append contents of another ntuple. That ntuple must have
	// the same number of columns. The copy constructor must exist
	// which builds elements of this ntuple from the elements of
	// another ntuple.
	*/
	template <typename T2>
	void append(const AbsNtuple<T2>& another);

	/**
	// Access individual elements (no bounds checking).
	// Note that access is by value, so it involves a fair
	// amount of copying. The other alternative, return by
	// reference, could lead to subtle bugs with references
	// invalidated by fill operations and buffer swapping.
	*/
	virtual T operator()(unsigned long r, unsigned long c) const=0;

	/** Access individual elements with bounds checking */
	virtual T at(unsigned long r, unsigned long c) const = 0;

	/**
	// Access with flexible column argument. The "Column" class has
	// converting constructors from unsigned long, const char*, and
	// std::string&. All these can now be used as the second argument.
	// Note that this type of access will be slower than access by
	// simple indices, so don't use this method in tight loops.
	*/
	T element(unsigned long r, const Column& c) const;

	/** Similar method with bounds checking */
	T elementAt(unsigned long r, const Column& c) const;

	//@{
	/**
	// Fetch copies of rows/columns. The buffer should be at least
	// as large as the number of elements expected in return.
	*/
	virtual void rowContents(unsigned long row, T* buf,
	unsigned long lenBuf) const = 0;
	virtual void columnContents(const Column& c, T* buf,
	unsigned long lenBuf) const = 0;
	//@}

	/**
	// Clear the data (if possible). Note that certain disk-based
	// implementations may ignore this. Check the number of rows
	// to make sure that the data was indeed cleared.
	*/
	virtual void clear() = 0;

	/**
	// Iteration over column contents (cycles row numbers).
	// Note that rowContents/columnContents methods to access
	// the data are going to work faster than these iterators.
	*/
	class column_iterator
	{
	public:
	typedef T value_type;
	typedef std::forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;

	column_iterator();

	T operator*() const;
	column_iterator& operator++();
	column_iterator operator++(int);
	bool operator==(const column_iterator&) const;
	bool operator!=(const column_iterator&) const;
	bool operator<(const column_iterator&) const;

	private:
	friend class AbsNtuple;
	const AbsNtuple<T>* nt_;
	unsigned long column_;
	unsigned long row_;
	};

	/** Iteration over row contents (cycles column numbers) */
	class row_iterator
	{
	public:
	typedef T value_type;
	typedef std::forward_iterator_tag iterator_category;

	row_iterator();

	T operator*() const;
	row_iterator& operator++();
	row_iterator operator++(int);
	bool operator==(const row_iterator&) const;
	bool operator!=(const row_iterator&) const;
	bool operator<(const row_iterator&) const;

	private:
	friend class AbsNtuple;
	const AbsNtuple<T>* nt_;
	unsigned long column_;
	unsigned long row_;
	};

	//@{
	/**
	// Methods which return begin/end positions for
	// the row/column iterators
	*/
	row_iterator row_begin(unsigned long rowNumber) const;
	row_iterator row_end() const;
	column_iterator column_begin(const Column& column) const;
	column_iterator column_end() const;
	//@}

	/**
	// Function for cycling over all rows. The accumulator class
	// must implement the following function:
	//
	// void accumulate(T* rowContents, unsigned long nColumns)
	*/
	template <class Accumulator>
	void cycleOverRows(Accumulator& acc) const;

	/**
	// Same as cycleOverRows, but the accumulator will be called
	// only if the filter returns "true". The filter must be
	// a functor which implements
	//
	// bool operator()(const T* rowContents, unsigned long nColumns) const
	//
	// The function returns the number of rows passing the filter.
	*/
	template <class Filter, class Accumulator>
	unsigned long conditionalCycleOverRows(
	const Filter& f, Accumulator& acc) const;

	/** Cycle over rows counting how many rows pass the filter */
	template <class Filter>
	unsigned long conditionalRowCount(const Filter& f) const;

	/**
	// Another row cycling function which also use a functor that
	// calculates a weight. The weight functor must implement
	//
	// double operator()(const T* rowContents, unsigned long nCols) const
	//
	// The returned weights must be non-negative. The accumulator must
	// implement
	//
	// void accumulate(T* rowContents, unsigned long nColumns, double w)
	//
	// The option "skipZeroWeights" allows the user not to call the
	// accumulator if the calculated weight is 0.
	*/
	template <class Accumulator, class WeightCalc>
	void weightedCycleOverRows(Accumulator& acc, const WeightCalc& wcalc,
	bool skipZeroWeights = false) const;

	/**
	// This method returns the sum of weights for rows
	// that pass the filter and call the accumulator as appropriate
	*/
	template <class Filter, class Accumulator, class WeightCalc>
	double weightedConditionalCycleOverRows(
	const Filter& f, Accumulator& acc, const WeightCalc& wcalc,
	bool skipZeroWeights = false) const;

	/**
	// This method just returns the sum of weights for rows
	// that pass the filter
	*/
	template <class Filter, class WeightCalc>
	double weightedConditionalRowCount(
	const Filter& f, const WeightCalc& wcalc) const;

	//@{
	/**
	// Convenience method which returns a collection of column
	// indices using a set of inhomogeneous column descriptions as
	// an argument. Exception will be thrown if the column
	// does not exist.
	*/
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3,
	const Column& c4);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3,
	const Column& c4,
	const Column& c5);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3,
	const Column& c4,
	const Column& c5,
	const Column& c6);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3,
	const Column& c4,
	const Column& c5,
	const Column& c6,
	const Column& c7);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3,
	const Column& c4,
	const Column& c5,
	const Column& c6,
	const Column& c7,
	const Column& c8);
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(const Column& c0,
	const Column& c1,
	const Column& c2,
	const Column& c3,
	const Column& c4,
	const Column& c5,
	const Column& c6,
	const Column& c7,
	const Column& c8,
	const Column& c9);
	//@}

	/**
	// Convenience method which returns a collection of column
	// indices using a vector of column names as an argument.
	*/
	std::vector<unsigned long> columnIndices(
	const std::vector<std::string>& colNames);

	/** Prototype needed for I/O */
	virtual gs::ClassId classId() const = 0;

	/**
	// Comparison for equality. Do not override in derived classes
	// (override "isEqual" method instead)
	*/
	inline bool operator==(const AbsNtuple& r) const
	{return (typeid(*this) == typeid(r)) && this->isEqual(r);}

	/** Logical negation of operator== */
	inline bool operator!=(const AbsNtuple& r) const
	{return !(*this == r);}

	protected:
	/**
	// Comparison for equality to be overriden by the derived
	// classes. Don't forget to call "isEqual" method of the
	// base class.
	*/
	virtual bool isEqual(const AbsNtuple& r) const;

	private:
	std::vector<std::string> colNames_;
	std::string title_;

	// Before using "AppendNTuple", check compatibility
	// of the number of columns
	template<int, class T2>
	struct AppendNTuple
	{
	static inline void append(AbsNtuple* nt,
	const AbsNtuple<T2>& other)
	{
	const unsigned long nRows = other.nRows();
	if (nRows)
	{
	// We need to create buffers carefully, so that this code
	// can work for objects without default constructors
	const unsigned long nCols = other.nColumns();
	std::vector<T2> bufVec;
	bufVec.reserve(nCols);
	std::vector<T> myBufVec;
	myBufVec.reserve(nCols);
	for (unsigned long col=0; col<nCols; ++col)
	bufVec.push_back(other(0UL, col));
	for (unsigned long col=0; col<nCols; ++col)
	myBufVec.push_back(T(bufVec[col]));
	T2* buf = &bufVec[0];
	T* myBuf = &myBufVec[0];
	nt->fill(myBuf, nCols);
	for (unsigned long row=1UL; row<nRows; ++row)
	{
	other.rowContents(row, buf, nCols);
	for (unsigned long col=0; col<nCols; ++col)
	myBuf[col] = T(buf[col]);
	nt->fill(myBuf, nCols);
	}
	}
	}
	};

	// Faster version of "AppendNTuple" which will be called
	// when T and T2 types are the same
	template<class T2>
	struct AppendNTuple<1, T2>
	{
	static inline void append(AbsNtuple* nt,
	const AbsNtuple<T2>& other)
	{
	const unsigned long nRows = other.nRows();
	if (nRows)
	{
	const unsigned long nCols = other.nColumns();
	std::vector<T2> bufVec;
	bufVec.reserve(nCols);
	for (unsigned long col=0; col<nCols; ++col)
	bufVec.push_back(other(0UL, col));
	T2* buf = &bufVec[0];
	nt->fill(buf, nCols);
	for (unsigned long row=1UL; row<nRows; ++row)
	{
	other.rowContents(row, buf, nCols);
	nt->fill(buf, nCols);
	}
	}
	}
	};

	#ifdef SWIG
	public:
	template <class Accumulator>
	inline unsigned long cutCycleOverRows(
	const NtRectangularCut<T>& f, Accumulator& acc) const
	{
	return conditionalCycleOverRows(f, acc);
	}

	inline void append2(const AbsNtuple& other)
	{
	append(other);
	}
	#endif
	};

	/**
	// Function for dumping ntuples into text files, one row per line.
	// By default, column values will be separated by a single white
	// space. If "insertCommasBetweenValues" is "true" then column
	// values will be separated by ", ". Only the data is dumped, not
	// the info about the ntuple structure.
	//
	// This function will only work with T objects that have default
	// constructors. "true" is returned on success, "false" on failure.
	*/
	template <typename T>
	bool dumpNtupleAsText(const AbsNtuple<T>& ntuple,
	std::ostream& asciiStream,
	bool insertCommasBetweenValues=false,
	unsigned long firstRowToDump=0,
	unsigned long maxRowsToDump=ULONG_MAX);

	/**
	// Function for filling ntuples from text files, one row per line.
	// Will work with T objects that have default constructors.
	// "true" is returned on success, "false" on failure.
	//
	// There may be more columns (but not less) in the file than
	// in the ntuple. In this case extra columns are ignored.
	//
	// Empty lines, lines which consist of pure white space, and lines
	// which start with an arbitrary amount of white space (including
	// none) followed by '#' are ignored (considered comments).
	*/
	template <typename T>
	bool fillNtupleFromText(std::istream& asciiStream,
	AbsNtuple<T>* ntuple,
	bool hasCommasBetweenValues=false,
	unsigned long maxRowsToFill=ULONG_MAX);

	//@{
	/**
	// Convenience function for creating vectors of std::string
	// using variable number of arguments (from 1 to 10 here)
	*/
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3,
	const char* v4);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3,
	const char* v4, const char* v5);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3,
	const char* v4, const char* v5,
	const char* v6);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3,
	const char* v4, const char* v5,
	const char* v6, const char* v7);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3,
	const char* v4, const char* v5,
	const char* v6, const char* v7,
	const char* v8);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char* v0, const char* v1,
	const char* v2, const char* v3,
	const char* v4, const char* v5,
	const char* v6, const char* v7,
	const char* v8, const char* v9);
	std::vector<std::string> ntupleColumns(const char** names, unsigned len);
	//@}

	/** Generate column names "c0", "c1", ..., "cM", where M = ncols - 1 */
	std::vector<std::string> simpleColumnNames(unsigned ncols);
	}

	#include "npstat/stat/Column.icc"
	#include "npstat/stat/AbsNtuple.icc"

	#endif // NPSTAT_ABSNTUPLE_HH_

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